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Status of Environment and Related Issues

 Abstract: For a variety of reasons, biodiversity is currently an important issue, and increasingly seen as a problem over which the corporate sector needs to take ownership. There are dramatic statistics about the decline of biodiversity, and the corporate sector is both partially responsible and subject to its impacts. This means that for most companies, the environmental goal posts are starting to move: having an Environmental Management System which controls waste and energy is now the lowest standard; the bench-mark of best practice is a sustainability strategy whose environmental aspect integrates biodiversity into the EMS. This can be achieved through company Biodiversity Action Plans, and an increasing body of best practice exists highlighting this approach

 Abstract: In a recent national summit hosted by The Vanderbuilt Center for Environmental Management Studies, high level corporate, environmental, and government officials came together to discuss the growing trend towards the disclosure of environmental information as a tool to increase public accountability. Both regulators and environmentalists showed interest in continuing to utilize and, in many cases expeand, existing environmental information disclosure programs. The summit was viewed as a catalyst in the ongoing national discussion of the efficacy of this evolving area of government policy. This article highlights some of the key results of this event and offers suggested next steps to address credibility and effectiveness in environmental information disclosure.

Abstract: Cooperation in the economic sense considers efficiency issues. Cooperation in the political sense, like the Kyoto Protocol, considers other issues like equity and historical responsibility. The environmental and economic impacts of the Kyoto Protocol and other scenarios are thus examined. The US pullout may then be viewed, among others, as the result of not untying “economic” and “political” cooperation; and since the Protocol will be much less effective without the US, it is shown that an external economic stimulus should and may theoretically be found for retaining their participation

 Description

5G Physical Layer: Principles, Models and Technology Components explains fundamental physical layer design principles, models and components for the 5G new radio access technology – 5G New Radio (NR). The physical layer models include radio wave propagation and hardware impairments for the full range of frequencies considered for the 5G NR (up to 100 GHz). The physical layer technologies include flexible multi-carrier waveforms, advanced multi-antenna solutions, and channel coding schemes for a wide range of services, deployments, and frequencies envisioned for 5G and beyond. A MATLAB-based link level simulator is included to explore various design options.

5G Physical Layer is very suitable for wireless system designers and researchers: basic understanding of communication theory and signal processing is assumed, but familiarity with 4G and 5G standards is not required.

With this book the reader will learn:

The fundamentals of the 5G NR physical layer (waveform, modulation, numerology, channel codes, and multi-antenna schemes).

Why certain PHY technologies have been adopted for the 5G NR.

The fundamental physical limitations imposed by radio wave propagation and hardware impairments.

How the fundamental 5G NR physical layer functionalities (e.g., parameters/methods/schemes) should be realized.

The content includes:

A global view of 5G development – concept, standardization, spectrum allocation, use cases and requirements, trials, and future commercial deployments.

The fundamentals behind the 5G NR physical layer specification in 3GPP.

Radio wave propagation and channel modeling for 5G and beyond.

Modeling of hardware impairments for future base stations and devices.

Flexible multi-carrier waveforms, multi-antenna solutions, and channel coding schemes for 5G and beyond.

 A simulator including hardware impairments, radio propagation, and various waveforms.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128145784/5g-physical-layer#book-info

 Abstract: A computerized open-top field chamber fumigation system is described for exposing plants to ozone and sulfur dioxide. The exposure system is capable of operating unattended for several days, maintaining and monitoring pollutant concentrations in the chambers as desired. Pollutants are dispensed to the chambers through mass flow controllers, operated by a microcomputer. Inputs to the microcomputer consist of monitored pollutant concentrations, weather and hardware function signals, feedback from mass flow controllers, and operator input via a terminal. Pollutant monitors are time-shared through solenoid valves controlled by the computer, and information is recorded by data loggers

Abstract: One of the most challenging technical issues associated with project-based mechanisms is that of leakage. A conceptual framework is proposed for the identification and analysis of leakage potentially generated by a project. The categorization of leakage based on the actors responsible for their manifestation is proposed, which divides sources of leakage into primary and secondary types. It is the actors or agents responsible for the baseline activities that cause primary leakage. Secondary leakage occurs when the project’s outputs create incentives for third parties to increase emissions elsewhere. This distinction, based on the source of leakage, provides a basis for the analysis outlined in the paper. The extent and type of leakage will vary depending on the project typology and design. Using a decision tree approach, the process of identifying potential sources of leakage is demonstrated for the case study of avoided deforestation projects. If the main elements determining a baseline are properly identified and understood, in particular the ‘baseline agents’, a combination of the decision tree approach and apportioning responsibility, can assist in the quantification and monitoring of primary leakage. An analysis at the project design stage can also assist in minimizing the risk of future leakage. Econometric methods may prove more useful in analyzing secondary leakage

Abstract: A friendly environmental material for organic contaminants removal was prepared in this work: small particles of iron oxide dispersed over activated carbon from coffee waste for Fenton-like application. The materials were characterized by means of XRD, N₂ physisorption, Mössbauer spectroscopy and H₂ pulse titration. The composites showed very good catalytic performances for methylene blue organic dye oxidation. The small goethite particles are the predominant iron oxide phase in the composites. The apparent surface area is quite high and is not very affected after iron impregnation. ESI-MS studies revealed that the dye removal occurs through a Fenton-type system by the composite whereas for the activated carbon the dye removal occurs mainly via adsorption. The iron leaching from the catalysts was negligible, less than 0.5 ppm, which evidences the occurrence of a heterogenous oxidation process. The catalyst was very active for methylene blue oxidation and could be repeatedly used for at least 5 cycles. The catalyst was also active in the oxidation of other organic compounds, such as caffeine and atrazine.

Beautifully illustrated, the heartwarming story of A Garden to Save the Birds begins with the “BAP!” of a bird flying into a window. Young Callum and his sister Emmy run outside to see the bird flying away. At first, Callum and Emmy are confused: why did the bird fly into their window? Realizing the window’s reflection of the sky poses a danger to birds, they decide to do something about it.

What follows is an inspiring portrait of children as what psychologist Zoe Weil calls “the solutionary generation.” Out of Callum’s and Emmy’s concern for birds grows a community devoted to the environment and a world in which the future is something to be excited about.

After learning there aren’t as many birds as there used to be, Callum and his family research ways to make their neighborhood safer for birds. They put up window decals so birds can see the windows, leave dead flowers in the garden for birds to eat from, and plant bluebells to attract birds and insects. They even build a shelter to protect birds in the winter and keep lights off at night to help migrating birds find their way.

Abstract

The consequences of future sea-level rise for coastal communities are a priority concern arising from anthropogenic climate change. Here, previously published methods are scaled up in order to undertake a first pass assessment of exposure to hurricane storm surge and sea-level rise for the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts. Sea-level rise scenarios ranging from +0.50 to +0.82 m by 2100 increased estimates of the area exposed to inundation by 4–13% and 7–20%, respectively, among different Saffir-Simpson hurricane intensity categories. Potential applications of these hazard layers for vulnerability assessment are demonstrated with two contrasting case studies: potential exposure of current energy infrastructure in the U.S. Southeast and exposure of current and future housing along both the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts. Estimates of the number of Southeast electricity generation facilities potentially exposed to hurricane storm surge ranged from 69 to 291 for category 1 and category 5 storms, respectively. Sea-level rise increased the number of exposed facilities by 6–60%, depending on the sea-level rise scenario and the intensity of the hurricane under consideration. Meanwhile, estimates of the number of housing units currently exposed to hurricane storm surge ranged from 4.1 to 9.4 million for category 1 and category 4 storms, respectively, while exposure for category 5 storms was estimated at 7.1 million due to the absence of landfalling category 5 hurricanes in the New England region. Housing exposure was projected to increase 83–230% by 2100 among different sea-level rise and housing scenarios, with the majority of this increase attributed to future housing development. These case studies highlight the utility of geospatial hazard information for national-scale coastal exposure or vulnerability assessment as well as the importance of future socioeconomic development in the assessment of coastal vulnerability.

 Abstract: The downward movement of a pesticide in soil, caused by different rainfall patterns, was simulated in a computation model. The movement occurred in the mobile region of a hypothetical soil system by convection together with hydrodynamic dispersion, and by diffusion. Lateral transport took place by diffusion into and out of a soil region with a stagnant liquid phase. With 40 mm of rainfall in 2 days, lateral diffusion distances of a few mm or more caused substantial deviation from the concentration—depth relationship for equilibrium adsorption. With 40 mm of rainfall scattered over 20 days, lateral diffusion distances up to a few mm had little effect, but those of about 10 mm or more had a very strong influence. The initial condition near the soil surface was extremely important. When the pesticide was initially present in the mobile region, overall mobility was comparatively great. Mobility was found to be much lower than with instantaneous adsorption and desorption, when the initial condition was equilibrium between the mobile and stagnant regions near the soil surface.

Abstract: In this paper we describe a methodology to model the impacts of policy measures within the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on farm production, income and prices, and on farmland biodiversity. Two stylised scenarios are used to illustrate how the method works. The effects of CAP measures, such as subsidies and regulations, are calculated and translated into changes in land use and land-use intensity. These factors are then used to model biodiversity with a species-based indicator on a 1 km scale in the EU27. The Common Agricultural Policy Regionalised Impact Modelling System (CAPRI) is used to conduct the economic analysis and Dyna-CLUE (Conversion of Land Use and its Effects) is used to model land use changes. An indicator that expresses the relative species richness was used as the indicator for biodiversity in agricultural areas. The methodology is illustrated with a baseline scenario and two scenarios that include a specific policy. The strength of the methodology is that impacts of economic policy instruments can be linked to changes in agricultural production, prices and incomes, on the one hand, and to biodiversity effects, on the other – with land use and land-use intensity as the connecting drivers. The method provides an overall assessment, but for detailed impact assessment at landscape, farm or field level, additional analysis would be required

Abstract: Although there is acknowledgment that the complexity of social-ecological systems governance demands representation from diverse perspectives, there is little agreement in the literature on how to cross both fiat (human-demarcated) and bona fide (physical) boundaries to address such complexities. As a cohort of interdisciplinary scholars, we navigate the boundary between science and practice to address the question of fit regarding the role of organizations in transcending boundaries. We found there is a need to rectify discrepancies between theories about boundaries and theories about organizations. To this end, we propose a conceptual framework to analyze transboundary organizations, an umbrella term to group the literature on boundary organizations, intermediaries and bridging organizations; we introduce this term to illustrate they are not mutually exclusive and to facilitate interdisciplinary research. We first examine social-ecological systems (SES), a framework intended to improve understandings of boundaries and governance. We then continue to unpack the complexity of boundaries and organizations, specifically through important transboundary concepts such as scale and organizational learning. This helps frame our examination of the literature on: 1) boundary organizations; 2) bridging organizations (third-party entities); and 3) intermediaries (distinguished by their position between other actors). Our review identifies a number of discrepancies that pertain to the types of boundaries discussed and the roles assigned to organizations governing SES. Important characteristics have emerged from our review of transboundary organizations including legitimacy, saliency, urgency, and credibility. In developing a conceptual framework, we argue that transboundary organizations: 1) expand upon the boundary spectrum, 2) incorporate transboundary concepts, and 3) hybridize characteristics of boundary, bridging, and intermediary organizations. We conclude with a number of considerations for transboundary organizations and recommendations for further research.

 Abstract: Yield, N uptake and residual NO3−-N data for wheat and maize, raised in a long-term experiment, have been discussed to determine optimum rates of fertilizer N application at which yields are least affected, while unused nitrogen, which is a potential pollutant, is reduced to a permissible level. Computation of fertilizer N rates corresponding to the points of greatest economic return and permissible N loss has been described. Optimum fertilizer N rate is the smaller of the two fertilizer N rates. By assuming a loss of 60 kg N/ha or less, as environmentally permissible, it was observed that a small yield increment of maize would have to be sacrificed for the protection of the environment; whereas, for wheat, nitrogen can be applied safely up to the point of greatest economic return. Coincidence of the rainy season with the growth period of maize in the study area seems to have reduced the fertilizer N rate, corresponding to the point of permissible N loss, lower than that for greatest economic return.

Abstract: Toei Chemical Co., Ltd. is one of the enterprises that systematically utilises by-products and industrial wastes. Only a few such enterprises are found in Japan. In our company, the crude fatty acids are recovered from the alkali foots (residual phospholipids) which are generated during the refining process for vegetable fats and oils. Moreover, the crude fatty acids are distilled for production of the soybean fatty acids, rapeseed fatty acids, and so forth. In the case of fractional distillation, simple fatty acids are produced. Also, our company has established a system for recovering vegetable fats and oils from the spent clay generated during the above-mentioned refining process. The system is so reliable that the quality of the vegetable fats and oils complies with JAS standards

 Description

Abatement of Environmental Pollutants: Trends and Strategies address new technologies and provides strategies for environmental scientists, microbiologists and biotechnologists to help solve problems associated with the treatment of industrial wastewater. The book helps readers solve pollution challenges using microorganisms in bioremediation technologies, including discussions on global technologies that have been adopted for the treatment of industrial wastewater and sections on the lack of proper management. Moreover, limited space, more stringent waste disposal regulations and public consciousness have made the present techniques expensive and impractical.

Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable management technologies for industries and municipalities. To remove the damaging effect of organic pollutants on the environment, various new technologies for their degradation have been recently discovered.

 Key Features

 Covers bioremediation of petrochemical pollutants, such as Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Ethyl Benzene, and phenolic compound

Includes discussions on genetic engineering microbes and their potential in pollution abatement

Contains information on plant growth promoting bacteria and their role in environment management

ABC Proteins

ABC Proteins is an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of all that is known about the subject to date. It discusses and compares evolution, biology and mechanism of action of all known ABC proteins, including the first structural studies as well as clinical implications. It will be useful to anyone trying to stay abreast of the latest findings. This book is sure to become a classic and will regularly be updated.

Key Features

 Description

Easily accessible and clinically focused, Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, 6th Edition, covers recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer, cellular and molecular causes of cancer initiation and progression, new and emerging therapies, current trials, and much more. Masterfully authored by an international team of leading cancer experts, it offers clear, practical coverage of everything from basic science to multidisciplinary collaboration on diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow up.

 Description

Easily accessible and clinically focused, Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, 6th Edition, covers recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer, cellular and molecular causes of cancer initiation and progression, new and emerging therapies, current trials, and much more. Masterfully authored by an international team of leading cancer experts, it offers clear, practical coverage of everything from basic science to multidisciplinary collaboration on diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow up.

 Description

Practical and clinically focused, Abeloff’s Clinical Oncology is a trusted medical reference book designed to capture the latest scientific discoveries and their implications for cancer diagnosis and management of cancer in the most accessible manner possible. Abeloff’s equips everyone involved - from radiologists and oncologists to surgeons and nurses - to collaborate effectively and provide the best possible cancer care.

Key Features

Select the most appropriate tests and imaging studies for cancer diagnosis and staging of each type of cancer, and manage your patients in the most effective way possible by using all of the latest techniques and approaches in oncology.

Enhance your understanding of complex concepts with a color art program that highlights key points and illustrates relevant scientific and clinical problems.

Stay at the forefront of the latest developments in cancer pharmacology, oncology and healthcare policy, survivorship in cancer, and many other timely topics.

See how the most recent cancer research applies to practice through an increased emphasis on the relevance of new scientific discoveries and modalities within disease chapters.

Streamline clinical decision making with abundant new treatment and diagnostic algorithms as well as concrete management recommendations.

Take advantage of the collective wisdom of preeminent multidisciplinary experts in the field of oncology, including previous Abeloff’s editors John E. Niederhuber, James O. Armitage, and Michael B. Kastan as well as new editors James H. Doroshow from the National Cancer Institute and Joel E. Tepper of Gunderson & Tepper: Clinical Radiation Oncology.

Quickly and effortlessly access the key information you need with the help of an even more user-friendly, streamlined format.

Access the complete contents anytime, anywhere at Expert Consult, and test your mastery of the latest knowledge with 500 online multiple-choice review questions.

Your purchase entitles you to access the web site until the next edition is published, or until the current edition is no longer offered for sale by Elsevier, whichever occurs first. If the next edition is published less than one year after your purchase, you will be entitled to online access for one year from your date of purchase. Elsevier reserves the right to offer a suitable replacement product (such as a downloadable or CD-ROM-based electronic version) should access to the web site be discontinued

Description

Easily accessible and clinically focused, Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, 6th Edition, covers recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer, cellular and molecular causes of cancer initiation and progression, new and emerging therapies, current trials, and much more. Masterfully authored by an international team of leading cancer experts, it offers clear, practical coverage of everything from basic science to multidisciplinary collaboration on diagnosis, staging, treatment and follow up.

Description

For more than 30 years, the highly regarded Secrets Series® has provided students and practitioners in all areas of health care with concise, focused, and engaging resources for quick reference and exam review. Abernathy’s Surgical Secrets, 7th Edition, features the Secrets’ popular question-and-answer format that also includes lists, tables, and an easy-to-read style – making reference and review quick, easy, and enjoyable.

Key Features

• The proven Secrets® format gives you the most return for your time – concise, easy to read, engaging, and highly effective.

• Covers the full range of essential topics in general surgery for in-training or practicing professionals.

• Written by global experts and thought leaders in surgery.

• Top 100 Secrets and Key Points boxes provide a fast overview of the secrets you must know for success in practice and on exams.

• Portable size makes it easy to carry with you for quick reference or review anywhere, anytime.

• Fully updated throughout, with clear illustrations, figures, and flow diagrams that expedite study and review.

Description

 Description

Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Soybean Production: Soybean Production Volume One presents the important results of research in both field and greenhouse conditions that guide readers to effectively manage the chemical, physical, and biological factors that can put soybean production at risk.

Including the latest in genetics, signaling, and biotechnology, the book identifies these types of stresses, their causes, and means of avoiding, then addresses existing stresses to provide a comprehensive overview of key production yield factors.

By presenting important insights into the historical and emerging uses for soybean, the book educates readers on the factors for consideration as new uses are developed. It is an ideal complement to volume two, Environmental Stress Conditions in Soybean Production, that work together to provide valuable insights into crop protection.

Key Features

Presents insights for the successful production of soybean based on chemical, physical and biologic challenges

Includes the latest specifics on soybean properties, growth, and production, including responses to different stresses and their alleviation methods

Offers recent advancements related to the process of N fixation and rhizobium, including signaling pathways and their practical use

Explores the production of rhizobium inoculums at large-scale levels.

 Description

Abiotic Stress and Legumes: Tolerance and Management is the first book to focus on the ability of legume plants to adapt effectively to environmental challenges. Using the -omic approach, this book takes a targeted approach to understanding the methods and means of ensuring survival and maximizing the productivity of the legume plant by improving tolerance to environmental /abiotic stress factors including drought, temperature change, and other challenges.

The book presents a comprehensive overview of the progress that has been made in identifying means of managing abiotic stress effects, specifically in legumes, including the development of several varieties which exhibit tolerance through high yield using transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and ionomic approaches. Further, exogenous application of various stimulants such as plant hormones, nutrients, sugars, and polyamines has emerged as an alternative strategy to improve productivity under these environmental challenges.

Abiotic Stress and Legumes: Tolerance and Management examines these emerging strategies and serves as an important resource for researchers, academicians and scientists, enhancing their knowledge and aiding further research.

Key Features

Explores the progress made in managing abiotic stress, specifically with high yield legumes

Highlights the molecular mechanisms related to acclimation

Presents proven strategies and emerging approaches to guide additional research.